Naphthalene balls are commonly placed inside cupboards to protect clothes from insects and control musty smells, especially during the monsoon. For many households, keeping a few balls among clothes has become a routine way of protecting wardrobes.
However, the strong smell they release is caused by naphthalene vapour, and prolonged exposure can pose health risks. Doctors and health experts have warned about the potential effects of naphthalene exposure, particularly when it occurs regularly or in poorly ventilated spaces.
Why Can Naphthalene Be Harmful?
Naphthalene is a volatile chemical compound that gradually changes from a solid into vapour. This vapour is responsible for the characteristic smell as well as the insect-repelling effect of naphthalene balls.
When cupboard doors are opened, the accumulated vapour can enter the surrounding air and may be inhaled. Repeated or excessive exposure can affect different parts of the body.
One important concern is its effect on red blood cells. Naphthalene exposure can cause hemolytic anemia, a condition in which red blood cells are destroyed faster than the body can replace them. This may result in symptoms such as weakness, dizziness and breathing difficulties. People with G6PD deficiency can be particularly vulnerable to this effect.
Exposure can also affect the liver and kidneys. Prolonged or significant exposure may cause damage to these organs, with severe cases potentially leading to serious complications.
Naphthalene Exposure and Breathing Problems
The vapour released by naphthalene balls can also be a concern for people with existing respiratory problems or sensitivities. Its strong fumes may aggravate breathing difficulties in people with conditions such as asthma or allergies.
There are also concerns regarding its potential cancer risk. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified naphthalene as possibly carcinogenic to humans, with exposure associated with concerns involving the respiratory system.
The level and duration of exposure are important factors when considering these risks.
Why Children Need Extra Protection
Naphthalene balls can be particularly dangerous when they are accessible to young children. Their small, white appearance can make them attractive to children, who may mistake them for something edible.
Accidentally swallowing naphthalene can result in serious poisoning and can be life-threatening. Children may also be exposed through contaminated clothing or by breathing concentrated vapours in enclosed spaces.
For this reason, naphthalene products should be kept away from children and used carefully according to product instructions.
Alternatives for Keeping Insects Away
Households looking for alternatives can consider commonly used options such as dried neem leaves, lavender, camphor, cloves and cinnamon.
Dry neem leaves can be placed in a small paper bundle inside a cupboard. Lavender oil on cotton can provide a different fragrance, while cloves and cinnamon sticks can be tied together in a small piece of cloth and placed among clothes.
These options can help keep cupboards fresh while avoiding the use of naphthalene balls. However, natural does not automatically mean risk-free, so such materials should also be kept away from children and used appropriately.
Being aware of the potential risks associated with naphthalene can help households make more informed choices about how they protect stored clothes, particularly in enclosed spaces and homes with young children.